Replication Data for: From Faces to Politics: Vision-Language Models (Sometimes) Link Visual Demographic Characteristics to Ideological Labels

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Authors: Soyeon Jeon, Messi H. J. Lee, Jacob Montgomery, Calvin K. Lai
Cited by: 1

Abstract

When foundation models analyze political content, do they use demographic characteristics as shortcuts for ideological attribution? We conducted detailed experiments with GPT-4o-mini and validated key findings across GPT-4o and LLaVA, using identical, ideologically neutral campaign advertisements with systematically varied candidate demographics. All models consistently attributed more liberal ideologies to women than men. These effects exceeded real-world gender differences from a nationally representative survey. However, racial associations differed by model: strong in GPT-4o-mini (where Black candidates received substantially more liberal attributions), attenuated in GPT-4o, and insignificant in LLaVA. These demographic effects persisted across temperature settings, prompt variations, and even explicit debiasing instructions in GPT-4o-mini. Our findings reveal that visual demographic features can shape AI outputs in ways that vary across models, with implications for applications such as content classification.

Publication details

Journal / source
Harvard Dataverse
Publication date
6 January 2026
Document type
Dataset