Physiological and Subjective Assessment of Fighter Pilot Mental Workload

INTRODUCTION: Next-generation air force operations increasingly depend on advanced flight systems, which raises questions about their impact on aircrew workload. Physiological measures enable continuous, objective, and unobtrusive assessments, overcoming some limitations of self-report measures. We investigated whether electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and electrodermal activity predicted subjective Rating Scale of Mental Effort (RSME) ratings of fighter pilots during an operationally relevant mission in an F-16 simulator. METHODS: The mission included three flight segments expected to induce increasingly higher workload, with a mathematical task of two arithmetic difficulty levels added to each segment. This approach allowed us to explore whether physiology distinguished workload both across and within flight segments. RESULTS: Subjective ratings confirmed an increase in workload throughout the mission (ΔRSME = 22). However, our manipulation of arithmetic difficulty was less effective: neither subjective ratings nor arithmetic performance significantly differentiated simple and complex calculations (ΔRSME = 5; Δreaction time = 0.02 s, Δunsuccessful trials = 0.5). None of our physiological measures-frontal theta power (Δ0.08, Δ-0.07 mV), parietal alpha power (Δ-0.16, Δ0.14 mV), heart rate (Δ0.01, Δ-0.02 bpm), skin conductance response (Δ0.0, Δ0.0 mS), and skin conductance peaks (Δ0.3, Δ0.2)-systematically distinguished flight segments or arithmetic difficulty, respectively. Physiology also did not significantly predict subjective workload (R2 = 2.2%). DISCUSSION: Large interindividual variability, use of workload management strategies, and relatively small task demand differences may explain the null results. Our study underscores the complexity of workload assessment in an operational setting and offers methodological insights that may inform future ecologically valid research. Reuten AJC, Bruin J, Ledegang WD, Groen EL, Houben MMJ, Cornelisse E-J, Bottenheft C. Physiological and subjective assessment of fighter pilot mental workload. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(8):592-600.