Revolutionizing Root Biomodification: SEM Insights into Glycolic Acid Vs. EDTA

Background: Mechanical instrumentation of periodontally diseased root surfaces results in the formation of a smear layer containing organic debris and microorganisms, which may interfere with periodontal regeneration. Root biomodification (RB) aims to remove this smear layer and enhance the biologic compatibility of the root surface. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of 5% and 10% glycolic acid (GA) with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on smear layer removal, dentinal tubule surface characteristics, and dentinal erosion on periodontally affected root surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted periodontally affected human teeth were used to prepare 60 root specimens, which were randomly allocated into four groups: Group I (control), Group II (5% GA), Group III (10% GA), and Group IV (17% EDTA). Root biomodification agents were applied for 3 minutes using active burnishing. SEM analysis at ×2000 magnification was performed to assess smear layer removal, dentinal tubule surface area, and dentinal erosion using a standardized scoring system. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The 5% GA group showed the highest smear layer removal score (3.86 ± 0.66), followed by 10% GA (3.14 ± 0.66) and 17% EDTA (2.43 ± 0.51), with significant intergroup differences (p < 0.001). Dentinal tubule surface area was significantly greater in the 5% GA group (45.7%). Dentinal erosion was observed only in the 10% GA group. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, 5% glycolic acid demonstrated superior smear layer removal and increased dentinal tubule surface area without causing dentinal erosion, suggesting its potential as an effective root biomodification agent.