Immunological and Metabolic Studies on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: In early childhood, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune illness marked by the death of pancreatic β-cells by the immune system.Autoantibodies that are important indicators of illness etiology and diagnosis include insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies (GAD65Ab), and insulinoma-associated antigen-2 antibodies (IA-2Ab).Objective: This study evaluates the prevalence of diabetes-related autoantibodies (GAD65Ab, IA-2Ab, and IAA) and assesses metabolic parameters, including random blood sugar (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), ketone bodies, and C-peptide levels in children under five years of age with T1DM compared with healthy controls.Methods: This case-control study included 60 children diagnosed with T1DM and 60 age-and sex-matched healthy controls, all aged