Bio-nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Multifunctional Applications

Bio-nanocomposites, formed by supporting biopolymer matrices with nano fillers, represent a sustainable and multifunctional category of materials with potential applications. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of their synthesis, characterisation, and applications. Common biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, alginate and polylactic acid are discussed embedded with nano fillers such as clays, metal nanoparticles, carbon-based materials and hydroxyapatite. Various synthetic strategies from solution casting, in-situ formation and melt blending are reviewed, highlighting control over nanoparticle dispersion and matrix integration. Characterisation techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA and biological assays, are highlighted to correlate structure with functional properties. Key applications in biomedicine, food packaging, environmental remediation and energy devices demonstrate the versatility and sustainability of bio-nanocomposites. Overall, this chapter underscores the potential of bio-nanocomposites as next-generation sustainable materials for diverse technological applications.