Therapeutic Management of Life-Threatening Anemia Associated with Canine Microfilariasis: A Case Report

A 3-year-old intact male Pug weighing 10 kg was presented to the Small Animal Medicine Unit with a history of anorexia, lethargy, and irregular voiding habits. Clinical examination revealed dull mentation, lateral recumbency, and blanched conjunctival mucous membranes indicative of severe anemia. Hematological evaluation confirmed severe anemia (Hemoglobin 3.25 g/dL; PCV 8.5%) and thrombocytopenia (70×103/μL), while peripheral blood smears revealed the presence of microfilariae consistent with Dirofilaria species. Serum biochemistry parameters were within normal limits. Diagnosis was based on peripheral blood smear detection of microfilariae and compatible clinical findings due to limitations in heartworm antigen testing. Due to the life-threatening nature of the anemia, a whole blood transfusion was performed. A compatible major cross-match was obtained, and the transfusion was completed uneventfully. The patient was managed with a combined therapeutic approach using a whole blood transfusion as a supportive measure and a targeted antiparasitic regimen (Ivermectin and Doxycycline) for recovery. The patient showed significant clinical improvement by Day 5. This case highlights the importance of timely blood transfusion in stabilizing patients, allowing specific medical management to take effect.