Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery for Hemodynamic Disruption in Idealized Aneurysmal Arteries

Background & Aims: Cardiovascular disease continues to pose a significant global health challenge in modern society. Aneurysmal dilation markedly modifies hemodynamic patterns, potentially leading to thrombus formation and vascular complications. Nanoparticles (NPs) represent potential agents for targeted drug delivery; however, their effects on arterial flow behaviour and hemodynamic parameters necessitate additional research. This study investigates nano-therapeutic transport and its impact on blood flow characteristics in idealized aneurysmal arteries through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Study Design: A three-dimensional computational model was created for a healthy artery and an aneurysmal artery. The aneurysmal artery models featured diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm to examine the impact of aneurysm size on hemodynamic behavior. Comparative analyses were conducted with and without nanoparticles in pulsatile blood flow conditions. Methodology: A pulsatile velocity profile was applied at the inlet, with a constant outlet pressure of 16,000 Pa sustained. Blood was characterised as a non-Newtonian fluid through the application of the Carreau–Yasuda model. Computational hemodynamic parameters, such as velocity magnitude, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and relative residence time, were examined with and without the presence of nanoparticles. A detailed computational mesh was utilized to guarantee the numerical stability and accuracy of the simulations. Results: The healthy artery in Case 1 had a WSS of 11.3543 Pa, while Case 2 with nanoparticles had 10.9176 Pa. As aneurysm diameter increased, WSS decreased in the sac. Due to nanoparticles, the Case 2 WSS distribution was smoother than that of Case 1. The healthy artery and aneurysm diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm had OSI values of 0.1429 with nanoparticles, while those without nanoparticles were 0.142857, 0.142804, 0.1428571, and 0.1428571. Both patients had moderate to high RRT values, indicating prolonged blood particle occupancy near the aneurysm wall. The results also showed that (1) arteries with nanoparticles had lower velocity, (2) Case 1 without nanoparticles had 3.85% higher WSS than Case 2 with nanoparticles, (3) nanoparticles produced a smoother WSS profile, and (4) prolonged residence time near the aneurysm wall may increase thrombosis risk. Local flow dynamics and hemodynamic indicators were greatly altered by aneurysmal dilatation. Nanoparticles lowered flow velocity and smoothed the WSS curve while marginally altering OSI and RRT. These findings shed light on nanoparticle-assisted medicine delivery in vascular diseases and may improve treatment methods. Conclusion: The outcomes demonstrate the substantial influence of hemodynamic variables on the progression and remodelling of curved arteries with aneurysms, especially when nanoparticles are present. The results of the research are The artery containing nanoparticles (Case 2) demonstrates a reduced velocity in comparison to the artery devoid of nanoparticles (Case 1). The Case -1 demonstrates a 3.85% increase in WSS relative to Case -2. An inverse relationship exists between aneurysm diameter and velocity in both instances. The RRT values in the 10 mm aneurysmal artery exceed those in the healthy artery by 99.90% in both instances. This indicates a high-risk area, where the extended residence time of blood particles adjacent to the vessel wall may facilitate vascular remodeling.