Referral Mechanism Enhancement for Maternal and Neonatal Health Services through Training Frontline Health Workers in Isiolo County, Kenya

Background: Weak community referral systems contribute to preventable maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Frontline health workers are critical in recognizing danger signs and initiating timely referrals, yet knowledge gaps and limited training undermine effectiveness. This study assessed referral system knowledge among frontline health workers in Isiolo County. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the level of knowledge on community referral systems among frontline workers on maternal and neonatal health services and establish the influence of training frontline workers on the knowledge on maternal and neonatal referrals systems among frontline workers in Isiolo County. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-post test control group mixed-methods design was used. A total of 260 frontline health workers were enrolled (130 intervention; 130 control). Structured questionnaires were administered at baseline and endline, complemented by focus group discussions and interviews. Data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariable statistics. Results: At baseline, overall knowledge of community referral systems was low across both groups, with only 34.6% of FHWs demonstrating adequate knowledge of referral pathways, danger sign recognition, and referral documentation. Post-intervention, the proportion of FHWs with adequate knowledge in the intervention arm increased significantly to 78.5%, compared to 38.2% in the control arm (p < 0.001). Knowledge of maternal danger signs improved from 41.2% to 83.1% in the intervention group, while neonatal danger sign knowledge increased from 37.6% to 79.4%. Multivariable logistic regression showed that trained FHWs were over four times more likely to have adequate referral knowledge than untrained counterparts (AOR = 4.37; 95% CI: 2.61–7.31). Qualitative findings corroborated quantitative results, highlighting improved confidence, referral decision-making, and documentation practices following training. Conclusion: Structured training significantly improved frontline health workers’ knowledge of community referral systems for maternal and neonatal health services in Isiolo County. Capacity-building remains essential.