Natural Farming in India: Evidence, Challenges, and Pathways for Sustainable Agriculture

Natural farming is an agroecological approach in India that eliminates synthetic inputs, revitalizes soil health, and reduces cultivation costs through the use of locally available and renewable resources. This review synthesizes evidence on natural farming practices widely promoted under Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), with a focus on five core components - Beejamrit, Jeevamrit, Ghanjeevamrit, Acchadana, and Waaphasa-and their effects on soil quality and crop productivity. The review critically evaluates nutrient, pest, weed, and disease management strategies, alongside long-term sustainability outcomes. Empirical studies highlight improvements in soil biological activity, reduced input costs, and enhanced profitability for smallholders; however, yield variability and nitrogen adequacy remain concerns, particularly in nutrient-demanding cereals during transition phases. Policy initiatives such as the Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) and the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) reflect growing institutional support, yet adoption remains uneven across states, requiring region-specific strategies. Overall, natural farming represents a viable pathway toward sustainable agriculture in India, provided that long-term scientific validation, supportive policies, and market integration are prioritized to achieve national sustainability goals.