Limited Linguistic Diversity in Embodied AI Datasets

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Authors: Selma Wanna, Agnes Luhtaru, Jonathan Salfity, Ryan Barron, Moore, Juston, Cynthia Matuszek, Mitch Pryor
Cited by: 0

Abstract

Language plays a critical role in Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models, yet the linguistic characteristics of the datasets used to train and evaluate these systems remain poorly documented. In this work, we present a systematic dataset audit of several widely used VLA corpora, aiming to characterize what kinds of instructions these datasets actually contain and how much linguistic variety they provide. We quantify instruction language along complementary dimensions--including lexical variety, duplication and overlap, semantic similarity, and syntactic complexity. Our analysis shows that many datasets rely on highly repetitive, template-like commands with limited structural variation, yielding a narrow distribution of instruction forms. We position these findings as descriptive documentation of the language signal available in current VLA training and evaluation data, intended to support more detailed dataset reporting, more principled dataset selection, and targeted curation or augmentation strategies that broaden language coverage.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Multimodal Machine Learning Applications Language and cultural evolution Natural Language Processing Techniques

Publication details

Journal / source
arXiv (Cornell University)
Publication date
6 January 2026
Document type
Preprint