Evaluación de los efectos de las comunidades bacterianas y planctónicas en la calidad del agua en cultivos de Tilapia Roja (Oreochromis sp.) en tecnología Biofloc

Concerns about food safety in aquaculture products focus on both biological and chemical safety. Occasionally, the presence of unknown microorganisms and bacteria in aquaculture systems can act as reservoirs of antibacterial resistance genes, posing a risk to public health due to their potential transfer to humans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacterial and planktonic communities on water quality in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) farms raised using Biofloc technology. The research focused on determining the effectiveness and impacts on food safety and the environment by identifying the bacterial and planktonic communities present in the water of these farms. API tests, Secchi disk, and Imhoff cone were used to measure water quality parameters, while the identification of planktonic and bacterial communities was performed following the Monroy-Dosta method. Finally, bacterial resistance was evaluated both phenotypically and genotypically. Results indicated that the physical and chemical parameters of the water remained within the recommended ranges for Oreochromis sp. cultivation. Various planktonic communities were identified, with significant variations in microorganisms observed between different samplings. The bacterial composition changed over time; initially, Bacillus subtilis, Pantoea spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, and Escherichia coli predominated. At 45 days, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus spp., and Pasteurella pneumotropica, among others, were detected. By 90 days, the bacterial community had simplified, with A. hydrophila, Bacillus spp., and E. coli predominating. High resistance to first-generation cephalosporins and penicillins was also observed, suggesting the presence of inherent resistance genes in the aquatic microbiota. The blaTEM, blaSHV-2, and blaVIM-2 genes were detected in 80%, 60%, and 40% of the strains, respectively. The blaKPC, blaNDM-1, blaGES, blaOXA-48, and blaIMP genes were not found. In conclusion, detailed knowledge of the bacterial and planktonic communities influencing water quality in these farms is essential to implement proper control of the microbiota in contact with the animal protein during production, thereby preventing risks to public health.