La caja negra de la riqueza de Venezuela: cuantificación de la extracción ilícita de dólares a través de Bandes, el Fondo Chino y Fonden, 2005-2025

Between 2005 and 2025, Venezuela lost between $60 billion and $105 billion due to the illicit extraction of foreign currency through the Economic and Social Development Bank of Venezuela (bandes), the China-Venezuela Fund, and the National Development Fund (fonden). This study uses a mixed-domain approach to quantify these losses, analyze corruption mechanisms (“briefcase companies”, overbilling, and unfinished projects), and assess their economic impact. The findings, based on Transparencia Venezuela reports, official reports, and investigative journalism, reveal an institutional opacity that facilitated the seizure of oil resources by Chavista elites, both military and civilian. Oversight reforms and international cooperation are proposed to mitigate corruption in rentier states.