Multimodal perioperative monitoring of intracranial pressure surrogates and cerebral oxygenation during laparoscopic surgery: implications for early cognitive outcomes

Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery increases intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), poten-tially affecting intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral oxygenation. The clinical relevance of these changes, particularly regarding early postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate perioperative changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and regional cerebral oxygen satu-ration (rSO₂) using noninvasive monitoring techniques.