EU Policy on Countering Disinformation and its Impact on the Information Security of Member States

The article analyses the effectiveness of the EU policy on countering disinformation through the use of regulatory, institutional, and technological mechanisms. The aim is to determine the impact of the EU regulatory acts (the Digital Services Act and the NIS2 Directive) on the stability of national information infrastructures and the level of public trust. The research methodology is interdisciplinary and covers dogmatic, socio-legal approaches, comparative law, as well as legal monitoring. The analytical background includes more than 280 sources: EU legislation, national practice, strategic documents and statistics for 2015–2024. The results of the study indicate a gradual harmonisation of legal responses among Member States, although there are still significant differences in terms of the effectiveness of law enforcement, the level of digital governance, and the ability to counter hybrid threats. The analysis also reveals a normative tension between ensuring freedom of expression and the need to effectively regulate the spread of disinformation — an aspect that is still poorly studied in legal science. The conclusions emphasize the need for coordinated and adaptive policies supported by modern technological tools, in particular artificial intelligence, and enhanced cross-border cooperation. The effectiveness of integrating real-time threat detection technologies also requires special attention.