Медіація та арбітраж у міжнародних переговорах: роль третіх сторін у врегулюванні конфліктів

The study examines the value-based and procedural aspects of mediation and arbitration as methods of resolving international conflicts involving third parties. The focus is on an interdisciplinary analysis of neutral intermediation, which acts as a stabilizer in interactions among various actors in international law and diplomacy. Particular attention is given to the dual role of arbitration institutions - as tools for the official recognition of decisions and as guardians of procedural neutrality. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively explore the ways in which third parties participate in negotiations between states and non-state actors in international relations and to identify the hidden factors that influence the effectiveness of mediation and arbitration. Results. The analysis of practical examples and theoretical sources shows that third-party intervention serves not only as a means to reduce tension but also as a manifestation of a new model of international governance based on consent, fair procedures, and flexible norms. At the same time, the study emphasizes that the effectiveness of mediation largely depends on the specific context of the conflict, the type of participants, and their legal status. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that mediation and arbitration are viewed as key elements of interaction among institutions under conditions of global instability. A new model of three-tiered third-party involvement is proposed, which encompasses cognitive, procedural, and post-agreement stages, taking into account the differing status of mediators. Practical value of the research lies in its potential to improve approaches to international negotiations, considering the political and legal specifics of global conflicts. The findings can be used by international organizations, diplomatic bodies, and in the development of conflict prevention strategies. In conclusion, the study notes that the effectiveness of third parties in international negotiations depends not only on their neutrality but also on their ability to flexibly apply norms, thereby facilitating dialogue between opposing sides. The transition from authoritarian to facilitative forms of mediation reflects a shift in the global approach to conflicts toward open and polyphonic discussion.