The Influence of Nutrition, Housing Space, and Sanitation Practices on the Reproduction of Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

This study investigates how nutrition, housing, and sanitation practices affect the welfare and reproductive performance of pet hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Using a factorial design, the research compared enriched versus minimal housing, adequate- versus low-protein diets, and the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM) in the environment. Findings demonstrate that enriched housing, sufficient protein intake, and controlled EM sanitation significantly improve maternal care, offspring survival, natural behaviors, and overall health. These results provide practical recommendations for welfare-focused hamster management and sustainable small mammal husbandry.