Fyra sätt att vara (o)religiös: En latent klassanalys av religiösa orienteringar i Sverige

This study examines patterns of religiosity in contemporary Sweden by analysing the 2018 wave of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) using latent class analysis (LCA). The study contributes to ongoing debates on secularisation, fuzzy fidelity, and the spiritual revolution by identifying different orientations of (non-)religiosity in the Swedish context. The results reveal a consistent secular majority (36 %) with minimal belief, practice, or spiritual self-identification. In addition, two differentiated mid-range groups emerge: one characterised by low-intensity religion or agnosticism (35 %), and another (20 %) defined by private, individualised belief which is mostly theistic. A small but consistent minority (8 %) displays a high-intensity religious–spiritual profile, combining strong theistic beliefs with frequent prayer, worship attendance, and a pronounced spiritual identity. These findings, in line with previous research, suggest that religiosity in Sweden is neither uniform nor adequately captured by dichotomous measures of belief and non-belief.