Korkearesoluutioisen käyttöastetiedon rooli työpaikan joustavuuden ja rakennusten tehokkuuden tukena

Offices are experiencing increasingly unpredictable occupancy patterns due to greater flexibility in where and when employees work. At the same time, many organisations are adopting non-territorial working models where employees no longer have dedicated desks. This increased flexibility poses challenges for facility management in estimating space needs, for users in locating available desks, and for building control systems such as lighting and ventilation to respond efficiently to real-time occupancy. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate how high-resolution occupancy data could help address these challenges for two key space stakeholders, facility management and office users, and how it can be used by building control systems. High-resolution occupancy data refers to data with high granularity in terms of temporal, spatial, or occupancy dimensions. In other words, how detailed information the data provides about the occupancy. The thesis first reviews key challenges identified in existing literature and then examines how such challenges may be mitigated using high-resolution occupancy data. This thesis aims to answer the question: How can high-resolution occupancy data support the implementation of flexible working practises and spaces? A mixed-methods approach was used. Interviews were conducted to understand the background and current practices related to high-resolution occupancy monitoring. Quantitative analysis involved collecting data from various office settings and simulating different scenarios to assess implications for utilisation rates and building system performance. This thesis includes four independent research articles. One of the main contributions of this thesis was the definition and analysis of passive occupancy in the academic literature; desks that appear occupied due to the presence of personal belongings, even when no one is physically present. In contrast to active occupancy, where someone physically occupies the desk, a passively occupied desk is not detected as occupied by current sensor technologies. The findings suggest that incorporating passive occupancy into utilisation metrics can result in more accurate space planning. The data also provided insights into user preferences, functioning as indirect feedback. Furthermore, the results showed that users could benefit from visibility into both active and passive desk occupancy. Finally, the study explored how utilisationadjusted energy consumption can offer more nuanced insights into the efficiency of building controls. In conclusion, the thesis finds that high-resolution occupancy data can support the transition to more flexible ways of working. However, the results may not be generalisable to rigid or remote-first organisations. In addition, future research should address user acceptance and the privacy implications of collecting detailed occupancy data.