Polarização no Twitter/X: análise do debate gerado pelos meios de comunicação social durante as eleições locais e regionais de 28-M 2023 em Espanha.

This research addresses the polarization on Twitter/X during the 28-M 2023 elections in Spain, focusing on the influence of the media on the digital conversation. The sample includes 1,186,906 tweets downloaded with the platform's academic API, filtered and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative techniques and network analysis, which have been visualized with graphs created with Gephi to highlight the interactions generated around ten representative media: Abc, elDiario.es, El Confidencial, El Mundo, El País, El Periódico, La Razón, La Vanguardia, Okdiario and Público. The results reveal differences in the organization of progressive and conservative communities, the latter being more centralized and hierarchical compared to progressive dispersion. In addition, symmetric and asymmetric polarization dynamics are identified, depending on the topic in question. Three case studies of different magnitude and political significance have been analysed, in addition to the general sample. It is concluded that digital native media play a key role in the polarization and viralization of content, with respect to traditional media, highlighting their ability to influence public conversation and amplify specific stories in the digital ecosystem.