2026 Parental Nurturance × Parenting Program Effects: An IPD Meta-Analysis

Parenting programs grounded in social learning theory are widely used to reduce disruptive child behavior. These programs aim to strengthen parents’ behavior management techniques. Studies suggest that increased use of behavior management techniques does not always translate into meaningful changes in children’s behavior. One explanation could be that behavior management techniques may work only, or especially, when delivered within a warm, supportive family environment. When the emotional climate is accepting and supportive, children may be more receptive to reinforcement and discipline; when that climate is strained, the same techniques may carry less meaning or even be experienced as rejecting. Nurturance may thus provide the emotional context in which these techniques become effective.