Evolvement of C2/C4ISR during the Russo-Ukrainian War

The research examines the evolving approaches of the C2/C4ISR domain in Russo-Ukrainian War, which, over almost three years, has seen significant changes. It explores how both Russia and Ukraine have adapted their strategies to technologies in that domain in their struggle to optimizing their OODA loops, decentralizing the troops and assets and having stable control over troops in complicated electronic warfare environment. It is also important to have a special angle on unpacking Russia’s approaches in the domain, as when the war began in 2022 Ukraine was very much ahead in C2 approaches, both in technology and in organizational approaches, which was one of the main reasons of Ukrainian Armed Forces being able to repel the first Russian offensives. Ukrainian side also possess challenges, and one of the main ones is operating of a mixture of different Western and Soviet types of equipment, which adds a serious difficulty to integration of that weapons. Methodologically, the research involves a comparative analysis of Russian and Ukrainian approaches to C2. The study utilizes secondary data sources, including military reports, open-source intelligence, and expert commentary, to explore the tactical and technological innovations deployed by both nations. Additionally, the research draws on documented accounts from field operations, including detailed assessments of elements of the command & control systems.