ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ РОЗВИТКУ ПОЛЬЩІ У СКЛАДІ ЕС : ТОРГІВЛЯ, ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ, ІННОВАЦІЇ

Poland has managed to maintain relatively stable economic growth for almost 30 years, even during the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and the debt crisis in the European Union. The phenomenon of Poland's weak susceptibility to crisis phenomena is due to the long-term consequences of post-socialist transformations, some objective characteristics of the country's economic and geographical situation, as well as the specifics of the economic situation after its accession to the EU in 2004. The aim of the article is to study the external economic factors of the development of the Polish economy within the European Union with an emphasis on the trade, investment and innovation components of its foreign economic relations. The weak susceptibility of the Polish economy to crises is due to several factors. The elimination of customs barriers and obstacles to the movement of capital after Poland's accession to the EU had a positive impact on the dynamics of FDI. A large role was played by a capacious domestic market and weak dependence on external demand. In addition, Poland's exports did not depend heavily on any limited group of goods. However, the innovation level of the Polish economy remains low compared to other EU countries. Poland is among the countries that are moderate innovators. It is concluded that Poland has built a fairly competitive economy, occupying a favorable place in the division of labor system in Europe. A number of long-term factors include the radical economic reforms of 1990, which made it possible to find investors for large enterprises, while preserving the country's industrial sector. Polish industry has found a successful export niche in the production of spare parts and components, which allowed it to be integrated into the production chains of European and global enterprises. Thanks to accession to the EU and the attraction of EU subsidies, it was possible to support the economically and socially vulnerable agro-industrial sector. However, at the moment, there are no noticeable successes in the innovative development of the Polish economy: such comparative advantages as cheap labor and insufficient private investment are gradually decreasing. In addition, the excessive focus of exports only on EU markets poses new challenges for the Polish economy, which could undermine its resilience to global crises in the future.