PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP AWAK KAPAL MIGRAN BERDASARKAN PP No. 22 TAHUN 2022 TENTANG PENEMPATAN DAN PELINDUNGAN AWAK KAPAL NIAGA MIGRAN DAN AWAK KAPAL PERIKANAN MIGRAN DAN MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION 2006

Indonesia, as a maritime country, has a significant number of migrant seafarers working on foreign-flagged merchant and fishing vessels. However, the high demand for migrant seafarers is not always accompanied by adequate legal protection, safety, and welfare guarantees. Numerous cases of labor exploitation, violence, wage violations, and even deaths of seafarers indicate weaknesses in the implementation of legal protections. These conditions raise critical concerns regarding the effectiveness of national and international regulations in safeguarding the rights of migrant seafarers. Therefore, this study focuses on the legal protection of migrant seafarers under Government Regulation Number 22 of 2022 and the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006 in ensuring their safety and welfare. This research employs a normative legal research method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The study applies both statute approaches and comparative approaches to examine relevant legal instruments. The data sources consist of primary legal materials, including national legislation and international conventions, as well as secondary legal materials such as academic literature, scientific journals, and expert opinions. The theoretical framework used in this study includes Philipus M. Hadjon’s legal protection theory, Soerjono Soekanto’s legal effectiveness theory, and the Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah theory with Jasser Auda’s systems approach to provide an Islamic normative perspective on seafarers’ rights protection. The findings of this research indicate that normatively, Government Regulation Number 22 of 2022 and the MLC 2006 have comprehensively regulated the protection of migrant seafarers’ safety and welfare. Nevertheless, their implementation has not been fully effective due to weak supervision, limited awareness of seafarers regarding their rights, and insufficient institutional coordination. From the perspective of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, such conditions contradict the fundamental objectives of Islamic law, particularly the protection of life (hifẓ al-nafs), property (hifẓ al-māl), and human dignity. Therefore, strengthening regulatory enforcement, enhancing institutional cooperation, and adopting a welfare-oriented approach ar