5G millimeter-wave fixed wireless access: Measurement, modeling and geospatial planning

This dissertation explores the application of millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology in fifthgeneration (5G) networks for fixed wireless access (FWA) solutions. The case study and validation are based on the 26 GHz frequency band in Finnish environments, but the methods and findings are broadly applicable to rural broadband planning in other regions. Amidst growing demand for high-speed connectivity in rural areas, the study addresses the persistent digital divide by investigating cost-effective strategies for broadband deployment. A comprehensive measurement campaign was conducted across urban, suburban and rural locales in Finland to assess mmWave signal propagation. The findings revealed critical insights into path loss, vegetation-induced attenuation and line-of-sight versus non-line-of-sight conditions. A key contribution of this research is the development of empirical channel models tailored to Finnish environments, grounded in real-world data. These models were benchmarked against established industry standards and demonstrated improved prediction accuracy. Geographical information system (GIS) data, including laser-scanned point-cloud maps, were integrated into the analysis, enabling precise modeling and optimization of mmWave networks. GIS-driven assessment facilitated advanced radio planning techniques, allowing effective site selection and antenna height optimization to maximize coverage. The dissertation also explores leveraging existing base station infrastructure for mmWave FWA deployment, thereby minimizing capital and operational expenditures. By introducing a structured framework for network planning, including flow-level load balancing and adaptive frequency allocation, the study presents practical guidelines for deploying robust 5G FWA systems. The study highlights how using detailed geospatial analysis with GIS can significantly enhance the deployment strategies for 5G mmWave technology. By incorporating geospatial data such as point clouds and building information, GIS supports mobile network operators in overcoming deployment challenges in rural areas, enabling more effective site selection and planning for 5G mmWave FWA. This work offers practical insights for operators seeking to expand their 5G networks efficiently, bridging the gap between theoretical predictions and real-world applications.