Особливості вияву функціональних характеристик підлітків протягом навчального року

Modern physical education practice requires a transition from unified approaches to a personalization strategy that allows maximizing the potential of each student. One of the most promising criteria for such differentiation is somatotype as a genetically determined trait that defines the specifics of morphological and functional development in the adolescent organism. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of changes in the functional characteristics of school-age boys. Methods. The study involved 79 boys (5th, 7th, and 9th-grade students) belonging to the main medical group. The diagnosis of constitutional type was carried out using the modified Shtefko-Ostrovsky method. To assess functional status, methods such as pulsometry, dynamometry, spirometry, the Martinet-Kushelevsky test, and the calculation of indices (body mass, vital, strength, Robinson) were used. The research was conducted at the beginning and end of the academic year using methods of mathematical statistics. Results. A general age-related trend towards a statistically significant increase in dynamometry indicators and vital capacity of the lungs was established in all age groups, regardless of constitution. At the same time, specific features of the development of the studied characteristics were revealed: representatives of the muscular type demonstrate the best adaptive capabilities and strength characteristics; representatives of the asthenic type show the most economical activity of the cardiovascular system; and the digestive type — despite high results in absolute values of muscle strength, exhibit the lowest functional efficiency of the muscular and respiratory systems and prolonged recovery of performance. The greatest differences in results were found in representatives of the asthenic and digestive somatotypes. Conclusions. It is necessary to take into account the features of the state of development of functional characteristics in adolescents when determining the focus of physical activity and its parameters. It is also important to consider the obtained data when modernizing the content of physical education lessons for adolescents and developing differentiated standards for assessing functional characteristics and indicators of physical fitness.