Bio-Inspired Design Principles for Adaptive, Sustainable Human-Centred Space Systems Using Digital Twins

This paper presents a theoretical design framework integrating bio-inspired design principles with digital twin–based evaluation for adaptive and sustainable human-centred systems in extreme environments such as space. The contribution is positioned at the level of design methodology rather than technological artefact development. The framework abstracts properties from living systems—such as adaptability, robustness, redundancy, and self-regulation—and embeds them within structured design reasoning. Human physiological and cognitive states are treated as explicit design variables. Digital twins are conceptualised not merely as validation tools, but as early-stage instruments for exploring system trade-offs, sustainability constraints, and human–system interaction dynamics. The proposed framework offers a unified methodological perspective that is extensible across domains including aerospace, automotive systems, wearable technologies, and sustainable infrastructure.