Effect of creatine supplementation in calisthenics in older population 60 years and over

This thesis examines the effects of creatine supplementation on performance and functional outcomes in calisthenics and related resistance training, with a particular focus on adults aged 60 years and older. Its aim was to critically evaluate the available evidence, assess safety and dosing, and formulate practical recommendations for training practice. A literature review with systematic elements was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus; randomized controlled trials, controlled intervention studies, and meta-analyses in adults-including those ≥60 years-were included. The analysis showed that creatine monohydrate, when combined with progressive resistance training, consistently increases muscle strength and lean body mass; without concurrent training, effects are smaller and less consistent. In older populations, improvements were repeatedly observed in selected functional tests and indices of muscle quality, while effects on bone mineral density were generally modest, although favorable changes in bone geometry were reported; some studies also suggest potential memory benefits. In the context of calisthenics-particularly weighted variations, short repeated sets, and static holds-the biological rationale for creatine use is strong, yet direct randomized studies...