Integrative and Natural Approaches to Thyroid Nodule Treatment: Evidence and Emerging Trends.

Abstract: Thyroid nodules are a prevalent clinical finding, often benign in nature, yet capable of causing compressive symptoms, aesthetic concerns, or raising suspicion for malignancy. Conventional management strategies-ranging from active surveillance to surgical excision-are effective but may not be suitable or preferred by all patients due to invasiveness, cost, or potential complications. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in natural therapies as complementary or alternative approaches to managing thyroid nodules. This review critically examines the current evidence on natural interventions, including nutritional compounds (e.g., iodine, selenium, and vitamin D), phytotherapeutic agents (e.g., curcumin, green tea polyphenols, and Withania somnifera), and topical treatments such as castor oil. Mechanisms of action explored include modulation of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, hormonal balance, and immune regulation. While preclinical and limited clinical studies suggest potential therapeutic effects, high-quality human trials remain scarce. This review underscores the need for rigorous research to establish efficacy, safety, and clinical guidelines for incorporating natural therapies into personalized treatment plans for thyroid nodules. Keywords: Thyroid Nodule, Thyroid Diseases, Complementary Therapies, Integrative Medicine, Dietary Supplements, Phytotherapy.