Dynamic thermal sensation and energy consumption during the whole process of showering

The bathroom environment significantly influences individuals' thermal sensation and energy consumption during showering. However, most previous studies only focused on the showering periods. The effects of these factors on occupants’ thermal sensations during undressing and dressing periods remain ambiguous. Therefore, this study examines occupants’ dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) and energy consumption within bathrooms throughout showering, encompassing undressing and dressing periods. A database including four main environmental parameters, i.e., air temperature, water temperature, water flow rate, and ventilation rate, was generated using the Monte Carlo sampling technique. Taking these parameters as inputs, occupants’ DTS and energy consumption during undressing, showering, and dressing periods were calculated using the energy consumption and thermal sensation models adapted from previous studies. The results reveal that most energy was consumed during showering, with water flow rate identified as the primary factor influencing energy use in this period. In contrast, air temperature and ventilation rate are more impactful during undressing and dressing. A reduced water flow rate is recommended to improve energy efficiency, maintaining air temperatures around 27°C and water temperatures at approximately 37°C for a neutral thermal sensation. These suggestions could create thermally comfortable and sustainable bathroom environments, enhancing energy conservation without compromising occupants' well-being.