Determinants of Learning Efficiency in Neurofeedback: A Systematic Review.

Neurofeedback (NFB) is a non-invasive operant conditioning paradigm aimed at self-regulating brain activity. Despite its clinical proliferation, significant inter-individual variability in learning efficacy—often termed "nfb-blindness" or "non-responsiveness"—remains a critical challenge. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize the key determinants that modulate the acquisition of self-regulation skills. A systematic search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science) following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they specifically analyzed factors influencing the learning curve or the mastery of EEG/fMRI protocols, beyond mere clinical outcomes. Keywords: Neurofeedback, Operant Conditioning, Learning Determinants, Self-regulation, Systematic Review, Neuroplasticity.