ВІД «ОБ’ЄКТІВ» ДО «ПРОЦЕСІВ»: ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ МИСЛЕННЯ ПРО АРХІТЕКТУРНУ СПАДЩИНУ В ДОБУ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article is devoted to the analysis of transformations in thinking about architectural heritage in European and Ukrainian traditions from the 19th century to the present. The problem is framed by the long-standing dominance of the «object-based» approach, which reduced heritage to a material artifact and a fixed form to be restored in its «proper appearance». This logic, consolidated by the 1964 Venice Charter, revealed its limitations and was gradually displaced by value-based, processual, and integrative approaches. The study employs an interdisciplinary analysis, combining the examination of doctrinal documents (from the Athens and Venice Charters to contemporary UNESCO and ICOMOS declarations), classical works of restorers, and recent Ukrainian research. The material is structured into six stages – from Romanticism to the present – which makes it possible to trace the gradual shift in systems of coordinates: from orientation on form and matter, through contextual significance and processes of change, to integrative thinking in which heritage becomes a resource for negotiating the future. In the Ukrainian discourse, a duality is evident: the humanities increasingly interpret heritage as a process and a space of meaning-making, while restoration practice largely maintains the object-based logic focused on form restitution. The proposed conceptual scheme makes it possible not only to outline historical shifts but also to emphasize the need to integrate processual and integrative perspectives into the field of architectural-restoration practice. The scientific novelty lies in distinguishing four regimes of thinking about heritage – object-based, value-based, processual, and integrative – which provides the foundation for reorienting restoration practice from the fixation on a «proper appearance» toward understanding heritage as a dynamic process, a factor of identity, and a mechanism of sustainable development.